The scriptorium was the head of the monastic scriptoria or writing rooms. The scriptorium was an important monastic office and represented concerted power and influence in the monastery. These writing rooms were where monks copied sacred and important historical texts for posterity.

The Donation of Constantine was a forged document which the eighth century popes produced as a show of legal precedent and political support for papal rule of Rome and the nearby territories. The Donation of Constantine was supposed to be written by Emperor Constantine in 313 CE , in which he …

The Missi Dominici were court officials appointed by Charlemagne to be "messengers of the lord king." The Missi Dominici were charged with supervising the regional counts and verifying that they were governing in accordance with the wishes of the king.

The Ka'ba is a shrine which contains a black meteorite known as "The Black Stone." This stone is located in the city of Mecca, and is worshiped by followers of Islam.

A holy war. Muhammad and his followers perpetrated raids against their enemies, these raids were called Jihad in the Quran which meant "striving in the way of the Lord."

In the fourth century CE, Saint Jerome made a Latin translation of the Bible which eventually came into common usage. It is still used to this day. This translation is known as the Vulgate.