Pope Paul IV, see Counter Reformation , set about to revert some of the changes of the various religious reformations and in so doing created a Papal Index of Forbidden Books. This Index listed books that Catholics were forbidden from reading. These books included Protestant works as well as works considered …

The Jesuit movement borrowed from Lutheranism in spirit, but fundamentally turned Martin~Luther's conclusions upside down. The Jesuits declared strict allegiance to the Pope. The Jesuits' absolute obedience became an organized extension of the popes authority.

Predestination is the idea that God has predetermined the destiny of all souls, whether they be saved or damned, since God is all knowing and can foresee the future. This idea is usually associated with John Calvin, 1509- 1564.

The justification by faith was the principal doctrine of the Protestant Reformation. The justification by faith says that humans can not achieve salvation through good deeds but by the grace of God, and that this was achieved through the sacrifice of Jesus.

Pluralism became a problem in the late middle ages, 1500. Many officials held two or more positions within the church at the same time, this allowed a single individual to reap the rewards of multiple positions while still performing the service of one.

Indulgences were a common practice of Catholic church from before the middle ages through the sixteenth century. In particular, Pope Leo X granted a special jubilee indulgence to finance Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. However, religious reformers such as Martin Luther openly criticized the practice of paying for penance. Indulgences …