Pope Paul IV, see Counter Reformation , set about to revert some of the changes of the various religious reformations and in so doing created a Papal Index of Forbidden Books. This Index listed books that Catholics were forbidden from reading. These books included Protestant works as well as works considered …

The Jesuit movement borrowed from Lutheranism in spirit, but fundamentally turned Martin~Luther's conclusions upside down. The Jesuits declared strict allegiance to the Pope. The Jesuits' absolute obedience became an organized extension of the popes authority.

Predestination is the idea that God has predetermined the destiny of all souls, whether they be saved or damned, since God is all knowing and can foresee the future. This idea is usually associated with John Calvin, 1509- 1564.

1525- Following the path paved by the Protestant Reforms the Anabaptists pushed for further reformation of church doctrine. Anabaptists tended to be peasants and working poor. The Anabaptists believed in adult baptism, rather than infant baptism, taking the approach that all believers were baptized into the church of their own …

1555- The Protestant Reformation instigated a spate of religious turmoil and warfare throughout Europe, since few states and officials could agree on the fate of the two intertwined yet conflicting ecclesiastical disciplines. Wars between Italy, Spain, Germany and the Turks marked the period until the Peace of Augsburg. The Peace …

1520

In response to Martin Luther's strong condemnation of church doctrine, Holy Roman Emperor Charles~V, 1519- 1556 convened a meeting to force Luther to recant his heretical stance. Undaunted, Luther stood fast, and proclaimed that [paraphrase] he had arrived at his beliefs based on the word of God, and …