1480

The marriage of Isabella of Castile, 1474- 1504, and Ferdinand of Aragon, 1479- 1516, served to unify much of Christian and Muslim Spain. Though both kingdoms maintained separate governing institutions, the two rulers were able to strengthen the bond between the two kingdoms by strengthening their respective monarchies. Isabella …

1485- 1509 - Henry VII defeated Richard III and established the Tudor dynasty. After the War of the Roses, much work was needed to unify the aristocracy, and Henry worked to quell dissension and build a strong monarchy. Henry eliminated the practice of wealthy families maintaining personal militaries. Henry also worked …

1450- 1485 - The War of the Roses was a civil war that broke out between English ducal houses. The house of Lancaster, whose symbol was a red rose, and the house of York, adopting the white rose. In the 1450's many aristocratic families were pitted against one another. Later, in …

Raphael painted School of Athens after he arrived in Rome, 1510- 1511. The School of Athens depicts a gathering of ancient philosophers, including Plato, Aristotle, and Pythagoras. This work illustrates the revival of classical thought, especially pertaining to harmony and order, during the Italian Renaissance.

1450

Gutenberg is the famous inventor of movable type machines. Around 1455 Gutenberg produced a practical and inexpensive copy of the Bible. In the next century the technology exploded across Europe, from 1 to 100, to 1000 printers across Europe. In the sixteenth century, Gutenberg's movable type apparatus, also coined …

1469- 1527 - Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian politician who's ideas have come to embody an ideal of political power. Machiavelli served as a secretary to the Florentine Council of Ten, and as a diplomat. When the Medici regained control of Florence in 1512, Machiavelli was forced into exile where his …