1294- 1303 - Pope Bonifice VIII was a controversial fourteenth century pope. When Philip IV intended to tax the clergy, Bonifice responded that clergy could not pay taxes in any state without papal consent. The power struggle underscored the inherent tension between the powerful European monarchs and the supreme papal authority …

1412- 1431 - Joan of Arc was the daughter of peasants from the village of Domr'emy in Champagne. Joan was deeply religious and is known to have experienced visions. She believed that several saints commanded her to free France and to return rule to the dauphin, or rightful heir. Joan of …

1415 - Henry V, of England, renewed the Hundred Years' War at Agincourt. The French resistance at Agincourt was decimated and more than 1500 nobles were killed. Henry V was able to reconquer Normandy and gain the allegiance of the Duke of Burgundy.

1356 - During the Hundred Years' War King John II was captured at the Battle of Poitiers. This event largely signified the end of the first phase of the War. The English demanded a large ransom and territorial concession for John's release. In return, the English agreed to forsake any claim …

1346 - The first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War was at Crecy in northern France. Edward III of England soundly defeated Philip VI of France.

1337- 1461

- Growing tensions between the King of England, Edward III, and Philip VI of France resulted in a Hundred Years' War. Edward III was duke of Gascony, which meant he must swear allegiance as a vassal of the King of France, however, tensions between the two and political disagreements …