1491- The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, was founded by a Spanish nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola, 1491- 1556. Loyola was in many ways the antithesis of Martin Luther. Though he believed in Luther's fundamental interpretation of church theology, his means to attain salvation was born out of absolute adherence to …

1555- Though many reforms had occurred in the Catholic church there were those who tried to impose a structure based on past ideals. Pope Paul IV, 1555- 1559

was considered to be a counter-reformation pope because of his traditional interpretations of religious doctrine. Paul IV created the Papal Index and …

Pope Paul IV, see Counter Reformation , set about to revert some of the changes of the various religious reformations and in so doing created a Papal Index of Forbidden Books. This Index listed books that Catholics were forbidden from reading. These books included Protestant works as well as works considered …

The Jesuit movement borrowed from Lutheranism in spirit, but fundamentally turned Martin~Luther's conclusions upside down. The Jesuits declared strict allegiance to the Pope. The Jesuits' absolute obedience became an organized extension of the popes authority.

Predestination is the idea that God has predetermined the destiny of all souls, whether they be saved or damned, since God is all knowing and can foresee the future. This idea is usually associated with John Calvin, 1509- 1564.

1525- Following the path paved by the Protestant Reforms the Anabaptists pushed for further reformation of church doctrine. Anabaptists tended to be peasants and working poor. The Anabaptists believed in adult baptism, rather than infant baptism, taking the approach that all believers were baptized into the church of their own …