See carruca aratum|see carruca .

A carruca is a heavy, wheeled plow, that revolutionized agriculture in the high middle ages, . The aratum , a light, wooden, non-wheeled plow was used previously. The aratum could be effective in the light soil regions of the Mediterranean, however it was ineffective in the dense clay soils of northern and …

750- 1258 CE - The Abbasid's were a dynasty in Damascus established by Abu al-Abbas. The Abbasids improved relations among Arab and non-Arab Muslims. They allowed Muslims of any ethnic origin to hold civil and military office in government. The natural result was far greater ethnic diversity and even greater acceptance …

Novgorod, Northwest Russia, south-southeast of St. Petersburg- The Rus where a Viking people who ruled under Rurik in the Slavic settlement of Novgorod, 862 CE. The Rus eventually donated their name to "Russia" as it is known today. One of Rurik's followers, Oleg, 873- 913 CE, established an association of …

Central Eastern Europe- The Slavs were a central European people who eventually migrated and separated into three groups: western, southern, and eastern Slavs. The Germans felt it was important for them to convert the Slavs to Christianity and expended great effort in doing so, 1000 CE. The Polish, Czech and …

Manorialism extended the concept of feudal fiefdom's as a principal land owner, or Lord, was the overseer and master of a Manor. The Manor was the principal dwelling on the Lord's property or estate. The Lord had servants on the Manor known as serfs. The Lord was allowed to retain …