The Donation of Constantine was a forged document which the eighth century popes produced as a show of legal precedent and political support for papal rule of Rome and the nearby territories. The Donation of Constantine was supposed to be written by Emperor Constantine in 313 CE , in which he …

The Missi Dominici were court officials appointed by Charlemagne to be "messengers of the lord king." The Missi Dominici were charged with supervising the regional counts and verifying that they were governing in accordance with the wishes of the king.

768- 814 CE - Charles the Great or Charlemagne was a charismatic and powerful ruler of the Frankish peoples. He was said to be very intelligent, aggressive, capable on the battlefield, and an exceptional statesman. Charlemagne undertook fifty-four military campaigns with the small Frankish army, about 8,000 men. Charlemagne's aggressive …

751- 768 CE - Pepin was the son of Charles Martel in Austrasia. Pepin was crowned king and anointed with holy oil by a representative of the Pope. The Frankish kings were anointed symbolizing the relationship of their king with God. Pepin's son Charlemagne succeeded him to the throne.

The Ka'ba is a shrine which contains a black meteorite known as "The Black Stone." This stone is located in the city of Mecca, and is worshiped by followers of Islam.

A holy war. Muhammad and his followers perpetrated raids against their enemies, these raids were called Jihad in the Quran which meant "striving in the way of the Lord."