1302 -- The Unam Sanctam was letter or "papal bull" written by Boniface~VIII to assert his authority to control taxation of the clergy. Boniface wrote that "if earthly power errs, it shall be judged by spiritual power," with the obvious implication that Popes supersede kings in all matters.

1294- 1303 - Pope Bonifice VIII was a controversial fourteenth century pope. When Philip IV intended to tax the clergy, Bonifice responded that clergy could not pay taxes in any state without papal consent. The power struggle underscored the inherent tension between the powerful European monarchs and the supreme papal authority …

1412- 1431 - Joan of Arc was the daughter of peasants from the village of Domr'emy in Champagne. Joan was deeply religious and is known to have experienced visions. She believed that several saints commanded her to free France and to return rule to the dauphin, or rightful heir. Joan of …

1415 - Henry V, of England, renewed the Hundred Years' War at Agincourt. The French resistance at Agincourt was decimated and more than 1500 nobles were killed. Henry V was able to reconquer Normandy and gain the allegiance of the Duke of Burgundy.

Solc 0.8.27

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1356 - During the Hundred Years' War King John II was captured at the Battle of Poitiers. This event largely signified the end of the first phase of the War. The English demanded a large ransom and territorial concession for John's release. In return, the English agreed to forsake any claim …